In her study Daniela Piazzalunga examines the gender and ethnic (natives and migrants respectively) wage differentials in Italy and especially a double-negative effect of being both female and a migrant. Nowadays one can still speak about gender wage differentials for women in Italy. Along with the gender discrimination there is an ethic wage differentials for migrants, who according to the study are usually confined to low-skilled and low-paid jobs, and so initially earn less than natives. The present situation is getting even worse for female migrants, who experience so-called double-negative effect of being both a women and a migrant. According to the results migrant women are not only disadvantaged in terms of wages, but also in terms of employment opportunities. In other words women not only get paid less than men, but are also more often assigned for less qualified jobs. The study also shows that the double-negative effect is larger at the bottom and especially at the top of the wage distribution, which reflects both the sticky floor and glass ceiling effects for migrant women. The "sticky floor" presents a discriminatory employment pattern that keeps female migrant at the bottom of the job scale, e.g. in the domestic or care labor sector. The "glass ceiling" could be understood as an artificial discriminatory barrier which keeps migrant women from rising to the upper rungs of the corporate ladder, regardless of their qualifications or achievements. In both situation female migrants have low mobility and are often unable to improve their situation.
Article:
Piazzalunga, Daniela (2015): Is There a Double-Negative Effect? Gender and Ethnic Wage Differentials in Italy. LABOUR.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/labr.12052/pdf
Picture: http://www.naiop.org/en/Magazine/2010/Summer-2010/Business-Trends/Shattering-the-Glass-Ceiling.aspx
From V.B.
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